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Secondary headaches are a challenging exercise in differential diagnosis and management.Many are poorly defined,even in the most comprehensive headache classification(The International Headache Society Classification),and rarely described except in small series or case reports.Furthermore,the pathophysiology of most of these headaches is unknown.In the following sections I describe the current knowledge (frequency,clinical features,pathophysiology,and management)of headaches associated with(1)MS,(2)dementia,(3)sleep apnea(SA),(4)Chiari type I malformation,and(5)HIV infection. |
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